Approximately 1.2 million people in the United States are living with HIV/AIDS today. Using new technology, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates the yearly incidence of HIV disease since 1990 to be approximately 56,000 cases per year, representing an almost 40% increase compared with earlier estimates. Advances in HIV/AIDS treatment have substantially reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality and extended the lives of many. New treatments, however, are not a cure and do not benefit or reach people with HIV. The epidemic continues to have a disproportionate impact on certain populations, particularly racial and ethnic minorities. The XVII International AIDS Conference, which was held in Mexico City from August 3-8, 2008, provides a forum in which key scientific and practice-based research, best practice, lessons learned, and gaps in knowledge are addressed. In this video, Drs. Bruce Polsky and Jin S. Suh discuss state-of-the-art data, as presented at the conference, on the epidemiology of HIV, the revised International AIDS Society-USA treatment guidelines, the use of antiretroviral agents in the treatment-naive and experienced patients, new antiretroviral agents, and antiretroviral-associated complications.