BIO 26-211 Human Anatomy Summer 2009

Lab Instructor

Required Text         McKinley, M.K, and V.D. O'Loughlin. 2008. Human Anatomy. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill. Take advantage of the online learning materials provided for the textbook at McGraw-Hill's ARIS. A DVD entitled Anatomy & Physiology Revealed is also available as a recommended addition to the textbook.     Required for Lab         A lab manual will be available for purchase in the book store. Please bring this manual to class every week. Extra copies will not be available. In addition, please bring a metric ruler, pens and pencils, calculator, plus lined and unlined paper.

Make certain that you bring ample supplies of paper (blank and lined) and drawing materials such as pens and pencils to each lab to complete lab exercises and record any personal observations of the microscope slides, models and cadavers.

Calendar entry: "A study of the fundamental structure and organization of the organs and systems of the human body." During both the lecture and lab components of this course, there will be a strong emphasis on the interplay between form and function. The only prerequisite for this course is BIO 26-105 Biological Concepts-Unity or an equivalent course, and you should enter BIO 26-211 with a working knowledge of scientific methodology and the basics of biological organization from the cellular to organismal level.
 

Specific Course Objectives

1. To acquire a precise and accurate structural knowledge of the basic organs and organ systems of the human body and describe concisely their functions.
2. To develop an appreciation and understanding of the 3-dimensional complexity of the human body through a detailed knowledge of the relational positions of major organs.
3. To become fluent in the terminology of the major regions and cavities, directions and planes of section of the human body in order to communicate this 3-dimensional complexity to others accurately and succinctly.
4. To be able to identify gross anatomical and histological details of the major tissues, organs and organ systems from microscope slides, models and diagrams.

You will find BIO 26-211 a challenging course that will require a continual and regular commitment to review and preparation for lectures and labs. Like any anatomy course, BIO 26-211 will be "heavy" with terminology. You will be confronted with seemingly endless lists of terms to understand for lecture and lab. Do not feel daunted! Anyone can master anatomy if the commitment is made from the beginning.
 

Tips for Success in BIO 26-211

1. Attend every lecture and lab! Yes, this is obvious, but I cannot overemphasize lectures and labs are the opportunities to clarify your understanding of concepts and expand your knowledge. Be prepared to spend the entire 2 hours in the lab, and take every opportunity to look at available materials and ask questions.
2. Read the assigned text pages. Prepare for each class by reading the text chapter(s) specifically assigned for a lecture or lab and review previous readings.
3. Take effective notes. All images used in lectures will be taken from the text unless specified. Furthermore, the PowerPoint lectures will be made available through the course web page. So, it will not be necessary to copy every word that is written on each slide during the lecture! Generally, the more time that one takes copying down text, the less time is spent listening to the lecturer and learning. Effective notes may be in a variety of forms such as short point-form, flow chart format or even pictorial. Discover the technique that works best for you!
4. Review your lecture and lab notes after every class. This step is especially important because it provides you with the opportunity to fill in missing details to improve your understanding, select key terms and concepts for the lecture, and to focus quickly and sharply on those areas where you may need clarification. As a general rule, expect to spend approximately 2 hours of review for every hour spent in the class.
5. Use the lecture study guides and links that are provided on this web site. For each lecture, I will provide a study guide that consists of a set of objectives, a list of all key words that you are required to know and understand, the text diagrams that you need to be able to label for the final exam and a set of review questions. I hope that these study guides will help you organize the information in the lecture and text so that you know precisely what I am asking you to learn and provide you with additional opportunities to self-test your understanding of the lecture topic. The long list of links on this web site will take you to sites where you can study many of the lecture topics through a much more interactive approach. Several of these sites also allow you to self-test.
6. Please see me as soon as possible whenever you have any questions, no matter how small they may appear. It is critical that you ask questions as they arise rather than wait until the last moment just before a test. I will do my best to be available for you either during my scheduled office hours or by appointment. We will also get to know each other more quickly and you will become more comfortable approaching either myself or other instructors.
7. Practice writing terms. In this way, you can learn the proper spelling. Also, practice drawing and labeling diagrams so that you will be able to quickly recognize structures that require labeling on an exam question. Although only the final comprehensive lecture exam will include diagrams, it is wise to get into the regular study habit of learning the required diagrams at the start of the course. Create flowcharts or pathway diagrams to summarize connections between organs and organ systems. Although we will study the human body according to each individual organ system, you must not forget that all are interconnected both structurally and functionally. Expect questions that test your understanding of the human body as an integrated whole.
8. Study effectively and intelligently. In other words, don't cram! Plan your study sessions in advance and allow for enough time to adequately review the material. Form a study group with other students if that is an effective study technique for you. Study to understand rather than simply memorize. The greatest hurtle for any student in an anatomy course is the sheer volume of information that must be learned. Repetition remains one of the more effective means of memorizing and understanding information, but it is important that you remember two key points. First, start early in the semester and study regularly. If you review continually and on a regular basis, then you will retain more information and improve your understanding. Second, take frequent breaks while studying. The human brain is not a sponge. We can only take in so much information at one time. After approximately 25 – 30 minutes take a break for about 10 minutes. Get up, stretch your legs and perhaps get a drink and then return to studying. Remember the key steps of repeated review and short study intervals.
9. Models, microscopes, slides, and anatomy models will be available in Halsey Instructional Technology Services (Halsey 259) to aid your studying for lecture and lab exams. Use every opportunity to study the models and other teaching materials.
10. Do not fall behind! Otherwise, these tips and techniques will have only limited benefit.
     
     
    

Spelling is Important!
One of the goals for this course is for each student to be able to communicate knowledge of the basic structure and function of the human body. Communication is both verbal and written. During lab exercises, you will have opportunities to practice your verbal skills. Exams and lab quizzes are opportunities to demonstrate your written skills. Spelling is important because a difference in one or two letters can change completely the meaning of a word. For example, adduction (movement towards the body) and abduction (movement away from the body) refer to opposite actions. The ilium (one of three bones of the coxa) and ileum (third part of the small intestine) clearly refer to quite different parts of the body. Within the nervous system, there are two basic divisions: afferent (impulses carried to the central nervous system) and efferent (impulses carried away from the central nervous system).

Spelling will be graded for both lecture and lab. One half (1/2) of a point will be deducted for any incorrect letter. The most that you can lose for a question due to incorrect spelling is one half of a point. If you follow the strategy suggested above of writing out difficult words, then you should be able to master their spelling.

Behavior in Lecture
Class sizes for BIO 26-211 are quite large, and in order for everyone to hear the instructor and be able to ask questions (and hear the answers) there are some rules that must be followed.

1. All pagers, I-pods and cell phones must be turned off or be silenced.
2. As a courtesy to your fellow classmates, please do not talk during the lecture.
3. Do not leave early. By signing up for BIO 26-211, you are entering into an agreement with the instructor and the other students in the class that you will stay for the full lecture period. Leaving early is rude to both the instructor and other students, often creates noise that prevents others from hearing the instructor and you may miss important information.
   
   

Lab Hours

Behavior in Lab

1. All pagers, I-pods and cell phones must be turned off or be silenced.
2. No food or drink will be allowed in the lab. If you need a drink of water, then there is a fountain in the hallway.
3. Please show the proper respect for the cadavers. The cadavers have been donated so that you will have an opportunity to see the actual tissues and organs. Out of respect for the deceased individual, the face and genitals will normally be covered until we look specifically at those body parts. You will have opportunities to examine the cadavers, but nothing is to be removed or damaged in any way. No photography will be allowed in the lab.
   
   

Grading Policy

1. There will be no extra credit assignments.
2. There will be no curving of grades for exams, quizzes or the final course grade.
3. Grades will not be posted and I will not give out grades over the phone. I can only send grades by email if it is requested from your uwosh.edu account. I will not post the distribution of grades (i.e. number of those who got an A or B etc.) for any exam or quiz.

Lecture Exams (60% of your total course grade) :

All lecture exams will take place during a scheduled lecture period. Lecture Exams #1-3 will consist of multiple-choice questions and short essay questions. Lecture exam #4 will be a combination of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions and labeling of diagrams. These diagrams will be taken from the course text and are available to be downloaded from this course web site.

Important Notes on Lecture Exams

1. The final lecture exam is comprehensive and will include questions on all of the topics discussed in lecture. The distribution of questions based upon previously tested lectures and new lectures will be announced in class prior to the final exam.
2. No aids will be allowed during a lecture exam. All books, bags, jackets and hats will be at the front of the classroom. All electronic devices are to be turned off or silenced and placed at the front of the classroom.
3. The answer key will be available for viewing in Halsey Instructional Technology Service (HS-259) after the exams have been graded. Copies of an exam will be available in Halsey Instructional Technology Services (HS-259). Copies of earlier exams will be removed with each new exam so it is important to check the exams immediately after you pick up your scantron.
4. Scantrons will be available in lab shortly after each exam. Please pick up your scantron as soon as possible.
5. Regular review sessions will be held the day before each lecture exam in place of a regular lecture. The dates are given below. Each review session will be an hour long and follow a question and answer format. Please bring questions with you!
   
   Review Sessions for Lecture Exams
   

Lab Quizzes (16% of your total course grade) :
Starting with the third lab, there will be a lab quiz most lab periods.  Each lab quiz will be based upon the lab from the previous week.  Lab quizzes will consist of short answer questions and identification of structures on projected images of anatomy models or cadavers.  The structures that you will be asked to identify are those that you will also need to know for the lab practical exam, and the quizzes are intended to be practice for the lab exams.  The quiz will take up no more than 10-15 minutes of a lab and be held at the start of the lab.  If you are late, then you will not be allowed to write a make-up quiz.  The lowest quiz mark will be dropped.

Lab Practical Exams (16% of your total course grade):
Lab practical exams 1 and 2 will follow the format of a “bell-ringer” test where you will be asked to identify labeled structures within a time limit.  As the term “practical” suggests, the goal of the lab practical exams is to test your ability to identify those structures that you learned in lab and your understanding of their form and function based upon your observations of materials in front of you. Each lab practical exam is scheduled during a regular lab period.

Important Notes

1. The second lab practical exam will only include material learned since the first lab practical exam.  It will not be a comprehensive exam.
   
2. No aids will be allowed during a lab practical exam.
   

Lab Exit Questions (5% of your total course grade):
At the end of each lab period, you will required to hand for grading the answer to a question or some other form of work.  The purpose of this lab exit work is to provide the instructors with an opportunity to further assess your understanding of the lab information.

Lab Participation (3% of your total course grade) :
During each lab period, you will be assessed for your participation in lab discussions, punctuality to the lab, attendance to the end of each lab period and care with cadavers, anatomy models and microscopes.

Links to Human Anatomy Web Pages
Basic Structure of the Human Body:
The Visible Human Project at the National Library of Medicine
Digital Anatomist Project at the University of Washington
Anatomy of the Human Body Online version of book by Henry Gray (1918) - much more detail than you need to know, but a great reference!
Human Anatomy Online
The Virtual Body by ehc.com
Review of Anatomy of the Head and Neck at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas
Gross Anatomy at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Learn'Em is an interactive exam for gross human anatomy at Loyola University Medical Education Network
Virtual Hospital/ Virtual Pediatric Hospital is no longer online, but the content is archived

Organs and Organ Systems:
Organ, Tissues and Organ Systems at John Jay College of the City University of New York
The Merck Manual (2nd Edition) Online version

Histology:
Anatomy and Physiology Microscope Slide Photos at North Harris College
Tissues of the Human Body at Lakehead Community College
Histology at Loyola University Chicago
JayDoc HistoWeb at The University of Kansas
Epithelial Study Guide by the University of Texas Medical Board
Muscular System at the University of Kansas Medical Center

Integument:
The Integument and Its Accessory Organs at North Harris College

Skeletal System:
Cranial Anatomy by Dale A. Charletta.  Good graphics, but animation sequence runs on its own.
Skull Anatomy Tutorial at Gateway Community College
Spinal Anatomy by Spine-health.com
The eSkeleton Project at the University of Texas at Austin.  Select the Human Skeleton.
Human Osteology by the University of Utah Health Sciences Center

Muscles and Joints:
Anatomy of Joints at the University of Washington
Upper Extremity Muscle Atlas at the University of Washington
Lower Extremity Muscle Atlas at the University of Washington
Musculoskeletal Atlas at the University of Washington
Master Muscle List by Loyola University Medical Education Network
Knee Injuries for a Skier by Dr. Michael Tuggy

Special Senses:
The Eye at the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
Structure of the Eye by Sumanas Inc. A quick review of basic eye structure.  Requires Shockwave.
Hearing at the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
Sense of Balance at the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
A Pictorial Guide to Cochlear Fluids from the Cochlear Fluids lab at Washington University

Brain:
Cranial Nerves at Gateway Community College
Cranial Nerves at Yale University School of Medicine
Anatomy of the Brain at the Internet Stroke Center

Digestive system:
Pathophysiology of the Digestive System at Colorado State University

Policy for Lecture and Lab Practical Exams and Lab Quizzes

The only valid reasons for missing a quiz or exam (that will be acceptable for a make-up exam) are:

1. Illness.  A valid doctor's note will be required.  This note must be on official stationary with the name, address and phone number of the doctor (photocopies will not be acceptable).  It must state clearly that you were unable to attend the lecture/lab exam on the date of the exam and have the doctor's signature.  Once the validity of the note has been verified, you will be allowed to write a make-up exam.
   
2. Death in the family.  Documentation such as a letter from the funeral home or hospital will be required.
   
3. An officially approved absence from the university.  In the case of a sporting event, a signed letter from your coach is required and must be received by the lecture or lab instructor at least 7 days prior to the exam.

It is the student's responsibility to contact the lecture or lab instructor within 72 hours of missing an exam.  A student can make up a missed lab only with signed permission from the lecture or lab instructor.

Important Note on Make-up Exams
All those who miss an exam for a valid reason will have their names placed on a make-up exam list once proper documentation is received. All make-up exams will be given in the Halsey Biology conference room (#149( by scheduling a pre-arranged date with the lecture instructor. If you cannot take the make-up exam on the pre-arranged date, then the value of the missed exam will be added to the value of the final exam provided proper documentation is received. Otherwise a grade of zero will be recorded for that exam. It is strongly recommended that you make every effort to attend each scheduled exam.

Changing of Grades in Exams or Quizzes:
Clerical Error-If you discover an addition error on your exam or quiz, then return it immediately to the lecture instructor for correction.
Corrections in Grading-Regrading of an exam will only be considered if a written explanation of the problem accompanies the exam. Any lecture notes or text readings that support regrading must be included with the explanatory note. The lecture instructor must receive the exam and its explanatory note within one (1) week after the return of the exams in order to be considered for regarding. Please note that regrading of an exam will not necessarily result in additional marks. The exam grade may increase, decrease or stay the same.
 

Academic Misconduct
A university is a community of individuals who have come to together to instruct and learn.  Of the many academic and personal goals to be achieved at university, included is the ability to think independently and creatively, hone your written and oral skills for the communication of your ideas and grow as an individual with confidence in your abilities.  For the university, it strives continually to improve its ability to instruct effectively and instill in each of its students the self-confidence, skills and knowledge to be successful.  Academic misconduct such as cheating and plagiarism harms both the student and university by defeating these goals.  A student who cheats fails to acquire the skills, knowledge and self-confidence needed for success, and the university will acquire an undesired reputation.  Elimination of cheating and plagiarism is the responsibility of both the university and each student.

The University of Wisconsin Oshkosh is committed to a standard of academic integrity for all students.  The system guidelines state: "Students are responsible for the honest completion and representation of their work, for the appropriate citation of sources, and for respect of others' academic endeavors." (UWS 14.01,Wisconsin Administrative Code).

Students are subject to disciplinary action for academic misconduct, which is defined in UWS 14.03, Wisconsin Administrative Code.  Students on the UW Oshkosh campus have been suspended from the University for academic misconduct.

Students are encouraged to review the procedures related to violations of academic honesty as outlined in Chapter UWS 14, Wisconsin Administrative Code.  The system guidelines and local procedures are printed in the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Student Discipline Code 2003-2004 and can be found on the Dean of Students website at www.uwosh.edu/dean/conduct.htm.

Specific questions regarding the provisions in Chapter UMW 14 (and institutional procedures approved to implement Chapter UMS 14) should be directed to the Dean of Students Office.

Below are the details of UWS 14.03.

UWS 14.03 Academic misconduct subject to disciplinary action.
(1) Academic misconduct is an act in which a student:
(a) Seeks to claim credit for the work or efforts of another without authorization or citation;
(b) Uses unauthorized materials or fabricated data in any academic exercise;
(c) Forges or falsifies academic documents or records;
(d) Intentionally impedes or damages the academic work of others;
(e) Engages in conduct aimed at making false representation of a student's academic performance; or
(f) Assists other students in any of these acts.

(2) Examples of academic misconduct include, but are not limited to: cheating on an examination; collaborating with others in work to be presented, contrary to the stated rules of the course; submitting a paper or assignment as one's own work when a part or all of the a paper or assignment as one's own work when a part or all of the paper or assignment is the work of another; submitting a paper or assignment that contains ideas or research of others without appropriately identifying the sources of those ideas; stealing examinations or course materials; submitting, if contrary to the rules of a course, work previously presented in another course; tampering with the laboratory experiment or computer program of another student; knowingly and intentionally assisting another student in any of the above, including assistance in an arrangement whereby any work, classroom performance, examination or other activity is submitted or performed by a person other than the student under whose name the work is submitted or performed.

Cheating will not be tolerated in BIO 26-211.  Any instance of academic misconduct may result in an academic penalty such as a failing grade on the exam or quiz, a failure in the course or possible expulsion from the university.
 

Web page updated on June 10th, 2009 by Mary L. Seaman