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For research methods concerning one of the most difficult areas in social sciences, ecological inferences, see my article,

Liu, Baodong. "EI Extended Model and the Fear of Ecological Fallacy," Sociological Methods and Research. forthcoming.

For the role of race on urban elections, see my article,

Liu, Baodong. (2006). “Whites as a Minority and the New Biracial Coalition,” PS: Political Science and Politics 39: 69-76.

For Black Candidates’ Campaign Strategies and their Effects on White Voters, see

Liu, Baodong. (2003). “Deracialization and Urban Racial Context,” Urban Affairs Review 38 (4): 572-591.

For a comparison of Urban/Suburban policy makers in their economical development decision-making, see my forthcoming articles:

Baodong Liu and James Vanderleeuw. (2004). “Economic Development Priorities and Central City/Suburb Differences” American Politics Research 32 (6): 698-721

Baodong Liu and James Vanderleeuw. (2004). “Growth Imperative, Postmaterialism and Local Decision-Makers,” Journal of Political Science 31: 173-96.

Are White voters willing to vote for black candidates? If so, under what conditions? See my article, "Racial Contexts and White Interests: Beyond Black Threat and Racial Tolerance," published by Political Behavior (Volume 23, No. 2, 2001).

The Florida political storm has been a good civic lesson for all Americans. Remember the media talking about the concepts of over-vote (i.e., voters voted more than one candidate for one electoral position) and under-vote (i.e., voters voted for the top of the ticket but not the complete ballot)? The phenomenon of under-vote is called "voter roll-off" in political science. This is an important area to be studied by scholars. My article "Political Empowerment, Mobilization, and Black Voter Rolloff" (co-authored with James Vanderleeuw) has been published by the Urban Affairs Review (Volume 37, No. 3, 2002). The article discussed the effect of the black mayors and city council-members on the declining black voter-rolloff in American urban areas.

Under what condition are white voters willing to vote for black candidates? Check out my article "The Positive Effect of Black density on White Crossover Voting: Reconsidering the Social Interaction Theory," which has been published by the Social Science Quarterly (Volume 82 No. 3 September, 2001).

If you are interested in political culture, African American political opinion and the importance of black empowerment, you may read my other publications (go to Publications).

American Politics

Political Methodology Instructions and Materials

Instructions 1, 2

Scholarship Opportunities

Truman Scholarship Official Web Page

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Dr. Baodong Liu;