Material on Exam #4 comes from:

NOTE: In addition to the material below, there will be a few questions on the exam from earlier sections--basic important principles from throughout the semester.

Part VIII: Glacial Geology and Climate Change (Chp. 12 in Textbook).

A. Glaciers.

1. Where found?
2. Formation and growth.
3. Glacial Erosion.

B. Types of Glaciers.

1. Valley (Alpine or Mountain)

   a. gravity and nature of flow

b. Landforms

• cirque
• horn
• arete
• U-shaped valley/ hanging valleys
• moraines

2. Ice Sheet (continental or ice cap).

a. Gravity and flow

b. Landforms

• striations
• eroded valleys
• fiords
• Moraines
• Kames
• drumlins
• eskers
• kettle lakes

c. Till (unstratified) Vs Outwash (stratified)

 

Part IX. Plate Tectonics II.

A. Geologic Structures (Chapter 15 in textbook).

1. Folds, fractures, and faults.

2. Form in response to stress.

a. Compressional.

b. Tensional.

c. Shear.

3. How rocks respond to stress depends on:

a. Type of stress.

b. Amount

c. Rate of change.

d. Nature of the rocks.

4. Response to Stress = strain.

5. Types of Structures.

a. Folds

• synclines
• anticlines

b. Faults.

• classified based on the type of movement

B. Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics (Chp. 16 & 17).

1. Movement of faults causes earthquakes

a. earthquake

b. energy released as seismic waves, these include:

• P-wave
• S-wave
• Surface wave
• How to determine earthquake location.

C. Earthquake Hazards.

1. Size/intensity

2. Case histories.

D. Imaging the Interior of the Earth with Seismic Waves

1. Depth to Focus at boundaries.

2. Worldwide distribution of earthquakes/plate boundaries

3. Seismic wave behavior inside the earth.

 

Part X. Climate Change (p. 327-335 in Chp. 12 in textbook).

A Geologic perspective on climate change.

1. Ice ages in Earth history.

a. Climate and Earth history.

B. Geologic factors of climate change.

1. Continental configuration and plate tectonics.

3. Changes in the Earth's orbit.

4. Changes is ocean circulation.

5. Changes in atmospheric CO2 and other Greenhouse Gases.

Part XI. Earth Resources (Chps. 21 in Textbook).

A. Society, Population and Resources.

B. Energy Resources.

1. Most of our Energy Comes from Fossil Fuels, Such as:

2. Coal.

a. How does it form?

b. How much is there, who has it, and where does it go?

c. Problems.

3. Petroleum.

a. How does it form?

b. How much is there, who has it, and where does it go?

c. Problems.