Research and Documentation

Citing and Integrating Quotations

Direct Quotation - Signal Phrase First

Nonetheless, as Specter notes, "In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear, Chernobyl stands alone" (2).

Direct Quotation - Signal Phrase Last

"In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear, Chernobyl stands alone," writes Michael Specter (2).

Direct Quotation - Signal Phrase Middle

"In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear," according to one author, "Chernobyl stands alone" (Specter 2).

Direct Quotations using colon (the statement before the quotation could stand on its own)

Specter succinctly summarizes the impact of this disaster: "In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear, Chernobyl stands alone" (2).

Long Direct Quotations (over 3 full lines)

(Note: Indent 1 inch from current left margin, none from right, double space, and no quotation marks)

The disaster at Chernobyl had a variety of long-term, far-reaching effects:

The wind carried by far the heaviest radioactive deposits across this

country, where even today 25 percent of the land is considered

uninhabitable. Thousands of villages were abandoned. Schools were

closed, prime cattle were slaughtered by the ton, huge factories were

shut without a second thought. Desperate villagers fled their homes

with only the clothes on their backs. (Specter 2)

Citation for Single Author, Name in Sentence

Nonetheless, as Specter notes, "In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear, Chernobyl stands alone" (2).

Citation for Single Author, Name in Citation

According to one observer, "In terms of political significance, economic dislocation and absolute and enduring fear, Chernobyl stands alone" (Specter 2).

Citation for Multiple Authors

The chances for further development seem dim: "It should be clear that Serbia's economy cannot go on forever in its present state" (Danner and Judah 46).

Citation for Author Using More than One Source

The chances for further development seem dim: "It should be clear that Serbia's economy cannot go on forever in its present state" (Judah, "How Milosevic" 46).

Citation for Article or Web Page Document, No Author

Prior to the wars of the 1990s, Bosnia was the most multi-ethnic region in the former Yugoslavia ("Bosnia" 4).